World Obesity Day: Why tackling obesity Is critical to South Africa’s health future

Once considered a problem mainly affecting high-income countries, obesity has become a global epidemic that increasingly affects low- and middle-income nations, including South Africa. Every year on World Obesity Day, observed on 4 March, health experts around the world highlight the growing impact of obesity on public health.

According to the World Health Organisation, at least 2.8 million people die every year as a result of being overweight or obese, while one in eight people globally was living with obesity in 2022. The condition is closely linked to a range of Non-communicable diseases (NCDs) such as type 2 diabetes, hypertension, cardiovascular disease, and certain types of cancer, making it one of the most urgent health challenges facing modern societies.

In South Africa, obesity has reached alarming levels. Studies show that around one in four adults in the country lives with obesity, while more than half of adults are overweight or obese. The burden falls disproportionately on women. Research indicates that nearly 70% of South African women and about 31% of men are overweight or obese, placing the country among those with the highest obesity rates on the African continent.

Children and adolescents are also increasingly affected. Health experts warn that rising childhood obesity could significantly increase the risk of developing chronic illnesses earlier in life. These trends contribute directly to the country’s rising burden of non-communicable diseases, which already place significant pressure on the healthcare system.

Obesity occurs when excess body fat accumulates to levels that negatively affect health. While often associated with lifestyle choices, the causes of obesity are complex and influenced by biological, environmental and social factors.

Excess body fat can disrupt the body’s metabolism, increasing the risk of insulin resistance, inflammation and hormonal imbalances. Over time, these changes increase the likelihood of developing chronic illnesses such as diabetes, heart disease and stroke.

Health experts also warn that obesity increases the risk of complications during pregnancy and is associated with conditions such as sleep apnoea, kidney disease and certain cancers. Several factors are contributing to rising obesity rates globally and in South Africa. Urbanisation has significantly changed lifestyles, with many people spending more time sitting at work and relying on cars or public transport rather than walking. Physical activity levels have declined, particularly in urban areas.

At the same time, dietary patterns have shifted toward highly processed foods that are high in sugar, salt and unhealthy fats. Sugary beverages and fast food are widely available and often more affordable than healthier options such as fresh fruits and vegetables.

Socioeconomic conditions also play a role. In communities where food insecurity is common, households may rely on cheaper, energy-dense foods that provide calories but lack essential nutrients. Together, these factors create environments where maintaining a healthy weight becomes increasingly difficult.

Why Prevention Is Urgent

Public health experts stress that preventing obesity is far more effective than treating it after it develops.

Children who are overweight are significantly more likely to become obese adults, increasing their risk of chronic diseases later in life. Without intervention, obesity rates are expected to continue rising in many countries. This is why initiatives such as World Obesity Day aim to raise awareness about the importance of early prevention and healthier lifestyles.

What Can Be Done in the Next Five Years? Reducing obesity rates in South Africa will require coordinated action from government, communities, schools and individuals.

Public health initiatives that promote balanced diets and regular physical activity remain essential. Increasing awareness about the health risks associated with obesity can help people make informed lifestyle choices. Schools also play an important role in shaping healthy behaviours by encouraging physical activity and improving access to nutritious meals.

Policy interventions can also help create healthier environments. Measures such as regulating the marketing of unhealthy foods, improving food labelling and promoting access to affordable healthy food options have been identified as important strategies. Healthcare providers can contribute through early screening, counselling and support for individuals at risk of obesity and related diseases.

Addressing obesity requires recognising that it is not simply an individual issue but a societal challenge influenced by food systems, urban environments and economic conditions. As the world marks World Obesity Day, health experts are calling for stronger action to prevent obesity and reduce the growing burden of non-communicable diseases. For South Africa, tackling obesity is not only about improving individual health outcomes, it is about protecting the well-being of future generations and building a healthier nation.